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UV–vis spectra were carried out in the supernatant of both vitamins@P25TiO₂NPs samples after centrifugation to measure the amount of unbound vitamin. Standard curves at 375 nm and 255 nm were done for vitamin B2 and C, respectively, using a Synergy BioTeK multi-mode microplate reader.

Even though it is one of the most-produced chemicals, the real and potential benefits of titanium dioxide are not without controversies. Dust inhalation may cause breathing problems. Titanium dioxide has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as an Group 2B carcinogen, a “possible carcinogen to humans,” based on studies of rats that inhaled the substance.

Available studies in humans and postmortem analysis of tissues suggested that the oral bioavailability of titanium dioxide in humans is very low. JECFA noted that there are currently no epidemiological studies that allow any conclusions to be drawn with respect to an association between dietary exposure titanium dioxide and human health effects.