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3. Biocides To control biological growth, biocides are added to the cooling systems. These chemicals help eliminate bacteria, algae, and fungi. Common biocides include chlorine, bromine, and quaternary ammonium compounds, which effectively reduce microbial populations and enhance water quality.

4. pH Control Agents Maintaining optimal pH levels is important for both corrosion control and scale prevention. pH control agents, such as sodium hydroxide or sulfuric acid, may be used to adjust the water's acidity or alkalinity, fostering an environment less conducive to corrosion and scale formation.

Finally, the handbook encourages continued research and innovation in the field of plastic and polymer additives. As new materials and technologies emerge, the ongoing evolution of analytical methods will be essential to keep pace. Collaborative efforts between academia, industry, and regulatory bodies will contribute to the development of safer, more effective additives and enhance our understanding of their environmental and health impacts.

4. Quality Control and Assurance

Moreover, the global supply chain for these intermediates can be fraught with disruptions, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic when many pharmaceutical manufacturers faced shortages. Companies are now exploring localized production strategies and investing in advanced synthesis technologies to mitigate these risks.

5. Purification

One of the primary categories of chemicals used in wastewater treatment is coagulants. Coagulants are substances that help remove suspended solids from wastewater by neutralizing the charge on these particles, allowing them to aggregate and settle out more easily. Common coagulants include aluminum sulfate (alum), ferric chloride, and polyaluminum chloride. These chemicals facilitate the process known as coagulation-flocculation, where small particles combine to form larger aggregates, or flocs, that can be removed from the water.

In recent years, the pharmaceutical industry has witnessed a shift towards more sustainable and cost-effective practices in API production. The increasing globalization of the supply chain has led to a rise in outsourcing API manufacturing to countries where production costs are lower. However, this globalization can introduce risks, as quality control may vary across regions, and supply disruptions can occur. Therefore, pharmaceutical companies are increasingly focusing on securing their supply chains and ensuring compliance with international standards.