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In addition to PV systems, solar thermal energy is another promising solution, mainly used for heating water or air in residential and commercial applications. By utilizing solar collectors, this technology captures heat from the sun and can efficiently provide hot water for domestic use, pool heating, or even space heating. Solar thermal solutions are particularly popular in regions with high sun exposure, where they can significantly reduce energy bills and carbon footprints.
solar solutions

Semiconductor materials, such as silicon, gallium arsenide, and cadmium telluride, are commonly employed in the manufacturing of solar cells. Each material has a specific bandgap that dictates its efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. Silicon, for example, has a bandgap of about 1.1 eV, which allows it to effectively utilize a significant portion of the solar spectrum. However, while silicon-based solar cells dominate the market due to their cost-effectiveness, they often operate at efficiencies around 15-22% in real-world conditions.
solar panel theoretical efficiency
