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Beyond chlorination, other disinfectants such as ozone and ultraviolet (UV) light have also gained popularity in chemical water treatment. Ozone, a more potent oxidizing agent than chlorine, can break down organic pollutants and disinfection byproducts. Its short lifespan in water means it must be generated on-site, but it offers an effective alternative, especially in water with high organic load. Meanwhile, UV treatment involves exposing water to UV light, which disrupts the DNA of pathogens, rendering them inactive. This method does not introduce any chemicals into the water, making it a preferred option for many purification processes.
chemical treatment for water purification

Moreover, the pharmacokinetics of PQQ highlight the importance of absorption and distribution within the body. After oral ingestion, PQQ is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout various tissues, including the brain and liver. Its quick absorption rates are beneficial for those seeking immediate effects, such as increased alertness or energy. However, the rapid elimination means that without consistent intake, the benefits may quickly diminish.
pqq half life
