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Theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine) belongs to a class of compounds known as xanthines, which also includes caffeine and theophylline. Its name is derived from the cacao plant's scientific name, Theobroma cacao, which means food of the gods. Theobromine itself is a bitter alkaloid that contributes to the characteristic taste of chocolate. While theobromine does occur in small quantities in tea and coffee, it is most abundant in dark chocolate, with higher concentrations found in raw cacao.

Ammonium thiocyanate is composed of two primary ions ammonium (NH4+) and thiocyanate (SCN−). The ammonium ion is a positively charged polyatomic ion, while the thiocyanate ion is derived from thiocyanic acid. The functional group in thiocyanate makes it a versatile ligand in coordination chemistry, enabling the formation of complexes with various metal ions. The compound is soluble in water, and its solubility increases with temperature.

Anti-fog plastics are engineered materials that have been treated or coated to reduce the occurrence of condensation buildup. This condensation leads to fogging, which can obstruct vision. Anti-fog technologies work primarily through two methods hydrophilic and hydrophobic treatments. Hydrophilic coatings spread moisture evenly across the surface, preventing bead formation and allowing for improved clarity. In contrast, hydrophobic treatments repel water, causing it to bead up and roll off the surface instead of clinging to it.

In addition to its antioxidant capabilities, PQQ has been found to influence mitochondrial biogenesis, a process through which new mitochondria are formed to meet the energy demands of the cell. For instance, research has demonstrated that PQQ can stimulate the expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, such as PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha). This activation is crucial, as an increase in mitochondria within cells correlates with enhanced energy production and improved cellular function, particularly during periods of metabolic stress.

Formulation refers to the process of combining APIs with other substances to develop a viable drug product. These additional substances, often referred to as excipients, can include fillers, binders, preservatives, and stabilizers. The formulation is crucial because it determines the drug's stability, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties.

Bonusan is known for its commitment to high-quality nutritional products, and Metaplus is no exception. This formulation combines PQQ with other essential nutrients that support overall health. Metaplus is designed to enhance mitochondrial function and improve energy levels, making it particularly beneficial for individuals looking to boost their physical and cognitive performance.

PQQ is a small quinone molecule that plays a significant role in cellular metabolism. It is recognized for its antioxidant properties and is involved in the functioning of mitochondria—the powerhouse of our cells. Recent studies have suggested that PQQ might help in improving energy metabolism, promoting brain health, and protecting against oxidative stress. Its role in supporting mitochondrial function is particularly noteworthy, as these organelles are crucial for energy production in our cells.

Moreover, both CoQ10 and PQQ have been linked to cardiovascular health. CoQ10 has been extensively studied for its ability to lower blood pressure and improve heart function, particularly in people with heart disease. PQQ, with its capacity to protect the heart from oxidative stress and inflammation, complements these effects. Together, they can foster a healthier cardiovascular system, reducing the risk of heart-related ailments.

Structure and Properties