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Accurate diagnosis typically involves a physical examination by a veterinarian, who will assess respiratory sounds using a stethoscope. Laboratory tests, including blood smears, culture of nasal swabs, and sometimes radiographs of the chest, may be necessary to identify the specific pathogens causing the illness.

In some cases, anti-expectorants may also help relieve other respiratory symptoms by promoting a more comfortable breathing experience. By quieting an irritating cough, these medications allow patients to rest and recover more effectively, especially during illnesses such as the common cold or influenza.

BRD is multifactorial, meaning that it arises from various factors working in combination. Respiratory pathogens, such as Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni, often cause secondary infections following a viral infection, such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) or bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Environmental factors like overcrowding, poor ventilation, sudden temperature changes, and inadequate nutrition can weaken the immune system of cattle, making them more susceptible to pneumonia.