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In conclusion, titanium dioxide plays a crucial role in the rubber industry by improving the quality, performance, and appearance of rubber products. Its unique combination of properties makes it a valuable additive in rubber formulations, offering benefits such as enhanced durability, UV resistance, and processing efficiency. With its versatility and effectiveness, titanium dioxide continues to be a preferred choice for rubber manufacturers looking to create high-quality and environmentally friendly rubber products.

In a study published in the journal Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology in 2020, researchers examined the effects of food additives titanium dioxide and silica on the intestinal tract by grouping and feeding mice three different food-grade particles — micro-TiO2, nano-TiO2, and nano-SiO2.  With all three groups, researchers observed changes in the gut microbiota, particularly mucus-associated bacteria. Furthermore, all three groups experienced inflammatory damage to the intestine, but the nano-TiO2 displayed the most pronounced changes. The researchers wrote: “Our results suggest that the toxic effects on the intestine were due to reduced intestinal mucus barrier function and an increase in metabolite lipopolysaccharides which activated the expression of inflammatory factors downstream. In mice exposed to nano-TiO2, the intestinal PKC/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway was activated. These findings will raise awareness of toxicities associated with the use of food-grade TiO2 and SiO2.”

In its 2016 opinion, the ANS Panel recommended new studies be carried out to fill the gaps on possible effects on the reproductive system, which could enable them to set an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI ). Uncertainty around the characterisation of the material used as the food additive (E 171) was also highlighted, in particular with respect to particle size and particle size distribution of titanium dioxide used as E 171.   

When we purchase lithopone, we must pay attention to its ratio. This can be seen to some extent from the appearance. Basically, we can see that good  products are very delicate. , and the color is also very uniform, a kind of shiny white, while inferior lithopone has uneven particles and wrong luster.