universal ironing board cover_4 wheel utility cart with liner
In practice, most commercial solar panels achieve efficiencies between 15% and 22%. This discrepancy between theoretical and practical efficiency arises from various losses. One major factor is thermalization loss, which occurs when photogenerated charge carriers (electrons and holes) lose energy in the form of heat before being collected as electrical current. Additionally, there are recombination losses, where charge carriers recombine before contributing to the electric current, and reflective losses, where sunlight bounces off the surface of the cell instead of being absorbed.
maximum theoretical efficiency of solar panels

The dimensions of solar panels directly influence their energy output. Larger panels can capture more sunlight due to their increased surface area, thereby generating more electricity. However, larger panels are not always the best option for every situation. In urban environments where space is at a premium, smaller panels may be more appropriate, despite potentially lower overall energy production.
solar panel dimensions