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Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) is a white crystalline powder that is mildly alkaline. It consists of sodium ions (Na⁺), bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻), and has a molar mass of about 84 g/mol. Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), on the other hand, is a stronger alkaline compound comprised of two sodium ions and one carbonate ion (CO₃²⁻), with a molar mass of approximately 106 g/mol. The pH of sodium bicarbonate when dissolved in water is close to neutral, making it a gentle agent for various applications. In contrast, sodium carbonate is highly alkaline and can adjust the pH of solutions to be very alkaline, making it useful in more industrial contexts.

Despite its widespread use, MSG has faced criticism and scrutiny regarding its safety. In the late 1960s, the term Chinese Restaurant Syndrome emerged after consumers reported symptoms such as headaches, flushing, and sweating after meals containing MSG. However, extensive scientific studies have largely debunked these claims, indicating that MSG is safe for the general population when consumed in typical amounts.

Synthetic preservatives, on the other hand, are chemically manufactured compounds that serve the same purpose. Common synthetic preservatives include sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sulfur dioxide. These substances are often used in processed foods, beverages, and dried fruits. They offer benefits such as effective antimicrobial action, enhanced flavor stability, and extended shelf life when used in appropriate amounts.

Regulatory bodies worldwide, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), monitor and regulate food safety to minimize potential risks associated with incidental additives. These organizations establish guidelines on acceptable limits for various substances to ensure that any presence of incidental additives remains within safe boundaries.

While formic acid has numerous industrial applications, it is also being explored for its potential in environmental sustainability. Researchers are investigating its application in carbon capture technologies. By utilizing formic acid in reactions that convert CO2 into formate, an intermediate that can be easily stored or further processed, it may offer a pathway for managing greenhouse gas emissions.