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The vitaminB2@TiO₂NPs were obtained at room temperature, by a method developed after trying several ratios of reactants. Briefly, 0.02 g of P25TiO₂NPs were dispersed in 1 mL of ultra-pure water and stirred in a Vortex. Next, 200 μl of vitamin B2 dissolved in ultra-pure water (5.3 × 10⁻³ M) were added to 200 μL of P25TiO2NPs and the mixture was ultrasonicated for 1 hour to achieve a deep-yellow homogeneous suspension. The pellet obtained after centrifuging the suspension for 10 min at 4500 rpm was resuspended in ultrapure water, centrifuged again, and then lyophilized.

Lithopone B301, Lithopone B311 powder’s 2 main components:

The precipitation of titanium dioxide involves the reaction of titanium sulfate with an alkaline solution to form titanium hydroxide, which is then calcined to produce titanium dioxide. The precipitation process is crucial for achieving the desired particle size distribution, crystallinity, and purity of the final product.