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Photovoltaic cells are primarily made from semiconductor materials, such as silicon, which are capable of absorbing photons from sunlight. When light strikes the semiconductor, it energizes electrons, allowing them to flow freely and generate electricity. This process can take place in both monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels, each offering distinct advantages. Monocrystalline cells, made from a single crystal structure, tend to be more efficient and space-saving, whereas polycrystalline cells are typically cheaper and easier to produce, albeit slightly less efficient.

A 20 watt solar panel is a small photovoltaic module capable of generating 20 watts of electricity under optimal sunlight conditions. These panels are typically suitable for powering small electronic devices, charging batteries, and providing supplementary energy for off-grid systems. Their compact size makes them ideal for use in remote locations, recreational vehicles, boats, and for small-scale home energy solutions.