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4. Formulation Finally, APIs are formulated into final dosage forms—tablets, capsules, injectables, etc.—involving the addition of excipients that facilitate stable and effective delivery of the drug.

While physical treatments remove solid particles, chemical treatments are employed to eliminate dissolved contaminants, including harmful microorganisms and toxic chemicals. Key chemical treatment methods include coagulation, chlorination, and advanced oxidation processes.

The landscape of pharmaceutical active ingredients is continuously changing, influenced by advancements in technology and science. With the rise of personalized medicine, APIs are being designed to cater to specific genetic profiles, improving therapeutic outcomes.

Disinfectants are another critical component of water purification. Their primary role is to eliminate pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, ensuring that the water is safe for human consumption. Chlorine is one of the most widely used disinfectants due to its effectiveness and cost-efficiency. However, alternative disinfectants such as ozone and ultraviolet (UV) light are gaining popularity, especially in applications where chlorine's byproducts may pose health risks.

Challenges in API and Formulation Development

One of the remarkable features of PQQ+ is its antioxidant properties, which help combat oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs when there's an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body, leading to cellular damage and contributing to a host of chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cardiovascular diseases. By neutralizing harmful free radicals, PQQ+ not only protects cells from damage but also supports the body's natural defense mechanisms, fostering a healthier, more resilient system.