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Traditional methods for treating inorganic wastewater include physical, chemical, and biological processes. Physical methods, such as sedimentation and filtration, can remove suspended solids but may not effectively eliminate dissolved inorganic contaminants. Chemical methods, like precipitation and ion exchange, can efficiently remove heavy metals but often involve the use of hazardous chemicals and generate secondary waste that requires further treatment. Biological methods, although more environmentally friendly, are generally less effective for removing inorganic pollutants.
inorganic wastewater

3. Characterization After purification, extensive characterization is conducted to assess the quality and potency of the APIs. This includes various analytical techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ensuring that every batch meets stringent specifications.
api in pharmaceutical manufacturing
