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Drain covers are often taken for granted in urban infrastructure. They serve a critical role in maintaining safety and sanitation in our cities and towns. However, when a drain cover becomes broken or damaged, it can lead to serious consequences that impact not only public safety but also environmental health.

Moreover, in the realm of materials science, square gratings can be used to create nanostructured surfaces that exhibit unique optical properties. These engineered surfaces can manipulate light at the nanoscale, paving the way for novel applications in photonics and optoelectronics. The ability to tailor the geometrical parameters of square gratings allows for the design of surfaces that can enhance light absorption, improve sensor sensitivity, or enable new imaging techniques.