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2. Disinfectants To ensure microbial safety, disinfectants such as chlorine, chloramine, and ozone are commonly used. Chlorine is one of the most widely used disinfectants due to its effectiveness against a broad spectrum of pathogens. However, it is crucial to monitor chlorine levels to avoid the formation of potentially harmful byproducts known as trihalomethanes (THMs). Ozone, a powerful oxidizing agent, is used for its effectiveness in inactivating viruses and bacteria without leaving harmful residues.

In addition to raw material costs and supply chain complexities, agricultural policies can significantly impact fertilizer prices. Subsidies, tariffs, and trade agreements shape the economic landscape for fertilizer production and distribution. For example, when countries implement tariffs on fertilizer imports to protect domestic production, this can lead to higher prices for farmers reliant on foreign supplies. Conversely, subsidies aimed at reducing input costs can support farmers but may strain government budgets and lead to market distortions.

Another commonly used additive is sorbic acid. This compound is particularly effective against yeast and mold. Sorbic acid can inhibit the fermentation process, which is crucial for many types of bread, such as those made with natural leavening. When used judiciously, it can effectively control spoilage without significantly altering the flavor or texture of the bread, ensuring that consumers enjoy a product that is both fresh and appealing.

Acetic acid, the active component of vinegar, is designated as E260 in the European food additive numbering system. It is naturally present in various fermented products, including pickles, sauerkraut, and yogurt. Industrially, it is produced through the oxidation of ethanol or by fermentation of sugars. When concentrated, acetic acid exhibits a pungent aroma reminiscent of vinegar, which is why it is often employed as a flavoring agent in food products.